La necesidad del intercambio transfronterizo de datos genéticos con fines de investigación criminal en América Latina: retos para su implementación / The need for cross-border exchange of genetic data for criminal investigation purposes in Latin America: implementation challenges

Las bases de datos genéticas con fines de investigación criminal constituyen una herramienta de indiscutible utilidad en la investigación de hechos delictivos.En América Latina existe un progresivo avance en la implementación de bases de datos para uso forense. La legislación existente es escasa, y heterogénea, tanto respecto de los delitos que se incluyen, como de la situación de los individuos cuyo ADN es pasible de registro. La mayoría no exige la acreditación de los laboratorios forenses bajo la norma ISO 17025. Las bases de datos de ADN existentes carecen, actualmente, de un régimen normalizado de comunicación.El establecimiento de un sistema de consulta e intercambio de datos genéticos en apoyo a los sistemas penales nacionales y a la persecución de delitos a nivel internacional, demanda acuerdos de cooperación, para lo cual, los implementados en la Unión Europea desde 1992, perfeccionados con la decisión de Prüm, constituyen un valioso referente. (AU)

DNA databases for criminal investigation purposes, constitute a tool of indisputable utility in the investigation of criminal acts.In the countries of Latin America there is a progressive advance in the implementation of databases for forensic use. The existing legislation is limited, and it is also heterogeneous both with respect to the crimes included and the procedural situation of the individuals whose DNA is subject to registration. Most of them do not require the accreditation of the forensic laboratories under the ISO 17025 standard. Existing DNA databases currently lack a standard communication regime.The establishment of a system of consultation and exchange of genetic data in support of national criminal systems and the prosecution of crimes at the international level, demands cooperation agreements, for which, those implemented in the European Union since 1992, perfected with the decision of Prüm, constitute a valuable reference. (AU)

Reappraising and Redirecting Research on the Victim-Offender Overlap.

The strong positive association between offending and victimization, or the victim-offender overlap, has received considerable amount of research attention in recent years. Empirical research has made important strides in unpacking the sources of the phenomenon, but important questions remain unanswered. Ambiguity surrounds the utility of certain theoretical explanations for the overlap, the nature of the phenomenon, and the methodological tools used to examine its etiology. Owing to these knowledge gaps, the scientific meaning of the victim-offender overlap is unclear. Moreover, a number of potentially important theoretical arguments are rarely subject to empirical testing in this line of research. The purpose of this article is to use a narrative review methodology to provide a critical reappraisal of the theoretical, empirical, and methodological research on the victim-offender overlap and offer directions for ways forward to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. This review includes critical analysis of 78 academic publications, along with a table that summarizes the key findings and conclusions from 18 critical empirical studies that have contributed to our understanding of the victim-offender overlap. We offer recommendations for the continued development of theoretical and methodological tools to better understand this complex phenomenon.

Differentiating Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses: A Two-Country Latent Class Analysis.

Sexual offenses are often part of a larger criminal career also encompassing nonsexual crimes. However, most sexual offending typologies focus on an individual's most recent sexual offense. We compare data from Belgian and Dutch national conviction cohorts and use latent class analysis to distinguish groups of individuals based on their history of sexual and nonsexual offenses, considering continuity and variety. The resulting classification is compared between individuals convicted of sexual offenses and individuals convicted of nonsexual offenses. Results show that four latent classes can be distinguished based on continuity and variety in criminal histories of individuals convicted of sexual offenses, and that some of these classes resemble those distinguished among individuals convicted of nonsexual offenses. We find limited overlap between these latent classes and typologies based solely on the index offense. Results show marked similarities across countries. These results challenge theories of sexual offending to incorporate patterns of nonsexual offending.

Lawsuits in health: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the national and international scientific evidence available in the literature on types of judicialization of health lawsuits. METHOD: Integrative review, which selected primary studies in the PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus databases, with the. DESCRIPTORS: judicial decisions, health's judicialization, Saúde (in Portuguese), Health, and the keyword: Judicial Action. RESULTS: 30 studies were selected. In Brazil, the majority were legal claims for medicines and the other for medical errors, requests for vaccines, supplies for diabetics, food compounds, surgical procedure, examinations, among others. In international studies, lawsuits were found for medication, benefit coverage and hospitalization for psychiatric treatment. CONCLUSION: It is evident that the most demanded type of lawsuit was access to the medication at an international level. It is still more noticeable the little discussion on this subject, demonstrating that judicialization of medicines can indicate a reality of Brazil.

Lawsuits in health: an integrative review / Acciones judiciales en salud: revisión integrativa / Ações judiciais em saúde: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the national and international scientific evidence available in the literature on types of judicialization of health lawsuits. Method: Integrative review, which selected primary studies in the PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus databases, with the Descriptors: judicial decisions, health's judicialization, Saúde (in Portuguese), Health, and the keyword: Judicial Action. Results: 30 studies were selected. In Brazil, the majority were legal claims for medicines and the other for medical errors, requests for vaccines, supplies for diabetics, food compounds, surgical procedure, examinations, among others. In international studies, lawsuits were found for medication, benefit coverage and hospitalization for psychiatric treatment. Conclusion: It is evident that the most demanded type of lawsuit was access to the medication at an international level. It is still more noticeable the little discussion on this subject, demonstrating that judicialization of medicines can indicate a reality of Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias científicas nacionales e internacionales disponibles en la literatura sobre los tipos de acciones de judicialización de la salud. Método: Revisión integrativa, que seleccionó estudios primarios en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science y Scopus, con los Descriptores: decisiones judiciales, judicialización de la salud, Salud, Health, y la palabra clave: Judicial Action. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 30 estudios, siendo que en Brasil, la mayoría se trataba de demandas judiciales por medicamentos y las demás por acciones por error médico, solicitud por vacunas, insumos para diabéticos, compuestos alimentarios, procedimiento quirúrgico, exámenes, entre otras. En estudios internacionales, se encontraron acciones por medicamentos, cobertura de beneficios e internación para tratamiento psiquiátrico. Conclusión: Se evidencia que el tipo de acción más demandada fue el acceso al medicamento a nivel internacional. Es aún más perceptible la poca discusión sobre esta temática, demostrando que la judicialización de medicamentos puede indicar una realidad característica de Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as evidências científicas nacionais e internacionais disponíveis na literatura sobre os tipos de ações de judicialização da saúde. Método: Revisão integrativa, que selecionou estudos primários nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science e Scopus, com os Descritores: decisões judiciais, judicialização da saúde, Saúde, Health, e a palavra-chave: Judicial Action. Resultados: Foram selecionados 30 estudos, sendo que no Brasil, a maioria se tratava de demandas judiciais por medicamentos e as demais por ações por erro médico, solicitação por vacinas, insumos para diabéticos, compostos alimentares, procedimento cirúrgico, exames, entre outras. Em estudos internacionais, foram encontradas ações por medicamentos, cobertura de benefícios e internação para tratamento psiquiátrico. Conclusão: Evidencia-se que o tipo de ação mais demandada foi o acesso ao medicamento a nível internacional. Ainda é mais perceptível a pouca discussão sobre essa temática, demonstrando que a judicialização de medicamentos pode indicar uma realidade característica do Brasil.

Childhood Maltreatment and the Risk for Criminal Justice Involvement and Victimization Among Homeless Individuals: A Systematic Review.

Homeless individuals are at higher risk of criminal justice involvement (CJI) and victimization compared to their housed counterparts. Exposure to childhood maltreatment (CM; e.g., abuse, neglect) is one of the most significant predictors of CJI and victimization among homeless populations. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize current knowledge regarding the relationship between CM and CJI and victimization among homeless individuals. Guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methods, a systematic search was performed using PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature for published studies investigating the relationship between CM and CJI and victimization among homeless samples. We identified 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Findings showed that across the majority of studies, CM, and in particular childhood physical (CPA) and sexual (CSA) abuse, is associated with increased risk of both CJI and victimization, regardless of various important factors (e.g., sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric disorders, substance use). These findings support the need for prevention and treatment for "families at risk" (i.e., for intimate partner violence, child abuse and neglect) and also document the need for trauma-informed approaches within services for homeless individuals. Future research should focus on prospective designs that examine victimization and CJI in the same samples.

Showup identification decisions for multiple perpetrator crimes: Testing for sequential dependencies.

Research in perception and recognition demonstrates that a current decision (i) can be influenced by previous ones (i-j), meaning that subsequent responses are not always independent. Experiments 1 and 2 tested whether initial showup identification decisions impact choosing behavior for subsequent showup identification responses. Participants watched a mock crime film involving three perpetrators and later made three showup identification decisions, one showup for each perpetrator. Across both experiments, evidence for sequential dependencies for choosing behavior was not consistently predictable. In Experiment 1, responses on the third, target-present showup assimilated towards previous choosing. In Experiment 2, responses on the second showup contrasted previous choosing regardless of target-presence. Experiment 3 examined whether differences in number of test trials in the eyewitness (vs. basic recognition) paradigm could account for the absence of hypothesized ability to predict patterns of sequential dependencies in Experiments 1 and 2. Sequential dependencies were detected in recognition decisions over many trials, including recognition for faces: the probability of a yes response on the current trial increased if the previous response was also yes (vs. no). However, choosing behavior on previous trials did not predict individual recognition decisions on the current trial. Thus, while sequential dependencies did arise to some extent, results suggest that the integrity of identification and recognition decisions are not likely to be impacted by making multiple decisions in a row.

Large area imaging of forensic evidence with MA-XRF.

This study introduces the use of macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) for the detection, classification and imaging of forensic traces over large object areas such as entire pieces of clothing and wall paneling. MA-XRF was sufficiently sensitive and selective to detect human biological traces like blood, semen, saliva, sweat and urine on fabric on the basis of Fe, Zn, K, Cl and Ca elemental signatures. With MA-XRF a new chemical contrast is introduced for human stain detection and this can provide a valuable alternative when the evidence item is challenging for conventional techniques. MA-XRF was also successfully employed for the chemical imaging and classification of gunshot residues (GSR). The full and non-invasive elemental mapping (Pb, Ba, Sr, K and Cl) of intact pieces of clothing allows for a detailed shooting incident reconstruction linking firearms and ammunition to point of impact and providing information on the shooting angle. In high resolution mode MA-XRF can even be used to provide information on the shooting order of different ammunition types. Finally, by using the surface penetration of X-rays we demonstrate that the lead signature of a bullet impact can be easily detected even if covered by multiple layers of wall paint or human blood.

The scaling of crime concentration in cities.

Crime is a major threat to society's well-being but lacks a statistical characterization that could lead to uncovering some of its underlying mechanisms. Evidence of nonlinear scaling of urban indicators in cities, such as wages and serious crime, has motivated the understanding of cities as complex systems-a perspective that offers insights into resources limits and sustainability, but that usually neglects details of the indicators themselves. Notably, since the nineteenth century, criminal activities have been known to occur unevenly within a city; crime concentrates in such way that most of the offenses take place in few regions of the city. Though confirmed by different studies, this concentration lacks broad analyses on its characteristics, which hinders not only the comprehension of crime dynamics but also the proposal of sounding counter-measures. Here, we developed a framework to characterize crime concentration which divides cities into regions with the same population size. We used disaggregated criminal data from 25 locations in the U.S. and the U.K., spanning from 2 to 15 years of longitudinal data. Our results confirmed that crime concentrates regardless of city and revealed that the level of concentration does not scale with city size. We found that the distribution of crime in a city can be approximated by a power-law distribution with exponent α that depends on the type of crime. In particular, our results showed that thefts tend to concentrate more than robberies, and robberies more than burglaries. Though criminal activities present regularities of concentration, we found that criminal ranks have the tendency to change continuously over time-features that support the perspective of crime as a complex system and demand analyses and evolving urban policies covering the city as a whole.

Evidencias físicas y perfilación criminológica perspectiva médico legal / Physical evidence and criminological profiling legal medical perspective

ResumenLa perfilación criminológica es una polémica técnica de investigación que utiliza, entre otros elementos, las evidencias físicas y psicológicas para descifrar crímenes en los que se desconoce el autor. Tales evidencias son aportadas por los peritos científicos de los servicios médico-forenses y de Criminalística.Los peritajes representan parte del fundamento científico de la novedosa técnica y es por eso que deben practicarse de acuerdo a protocolos y estándares de buenas prácticas, avalados internacionalmente.Para la correcta interpretación y valoración de los resultados de los análisis de las pruebas científicas, al equipo encargado de elaborar el perfil criminológico deben integrarse, entre otros, médicos forenses, psicólogos y psiquiatras forenses.

AbstractCriminological profiling is a controversial technique that uses, among other elements, physical and psychological evidences for unsolved crimes investigation. Such evidences are contributed by the scientific experts of forensic services. The forensic results represent a fundamental part of the scientific basis of profiling and they should be done according to protocols and standards of good practices, endorsed internationally. For the correct interpretation and assessment of the results coming from scientific evidence, in the team responsible for developing criminological profile should be integrated, among others, medical examiners, psychologists and forensic psychiatrists.

Investigator Sensitivity to Alibi Witness Inconsistency after a Long Delay.

In two studies, mock investigators conducted a computer-based investigation of a crime involving an alibi witness who varied in the consistency of his statements taken 5 years apart. Investigators showed evidence of skepticism of alibi witness statements in which major contradictions (activity, location) were present, and some skepticism of statements in which minor (activity) details were contradictory. Entirely consistent statements were judged favorably, and reduced perceptions of suspect guilt (Study 2). The age of the alibi witness did not impact judgments of suspect guilt when children (6 years) and adults (25 years) were compared (Study 1, N = 254), or when children of different ages were compared (6, 8, 11 years; Study 2, N = 234). The present data suggest that investigators were relatively more sensitive to considerations of accuracy than honesty. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Aspectos esenciales de la prueba de ADN en el proceso penal y las bases de datos genéticos con fines de investigación criminal: la regulación española, portuguesa e italiana / No disponible

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal la realización de un análisis jurídico crítico sobre los aspectos fundamentales de la prueba de ADN en el marco del proceso penal y las bases de datos genéticos con fines de investigación criminal, haciendo especial hincapié en las particularidades de la normativa española, portuguesa e italiana existente al respecto, con la finalidad de detectar cuál es la problemática esencial que subyace en relación a la misma

The main aim of this paper is to focus on doing a critical legal analysis about the fundamental aspects regarding DNA evidence in criminal proceedings and genetic databases for purposes of criminal investigation, making especial emphasis on the singularities of the existing Spanish, Portuguese and Italian regulation which regards this issue in order to detect the essential problem which is underlying herein

"Veneno para la mente". La participación de los especialistas en salud mental en la campaña anti-cómic estadounidense (1940-1960) / "Poison for the mind". Mental health experts' involvement in the US anticomic campaign (1940-1960)

Entre 1940 y 1960 se desarrolló en Estados Unidos una intensa campaña anti-cómic impulsada por ciudadanos que consideraban que aquellas revistas no solo suponían una mala influencia para sus niños, sino que eran responsables de un incremento en la delincuencia juvenil. Un punto de inflexión se produjo en el momento en que psiquiatras y psicólogos se incorporaron a la citada campaña. Su líder fue Fredric Wertham, un psiquiatra de origen germano que acusó a los cómics de dañar la mente de los niños debido a su contenido cargado de violencia, sexo, horror y racismo. Algunos psiquiatras y psicólogos siguieron los planteamientos de Wertham, aunque otros los consideraron equivocados toda vez que no había evidencias científicas sobre el daño causado por los cómics en la mente de los niños. La intervención de los especialistas en salud mental fue esencial para la campaña anti-cómic, y fueron citados por la prensa, la radio, la televisión e incluso el Senado de los Estados Unidos, quien convocó a algunos de ellos como testigos en sesiones celebradas para analizar la relación entre los cómics y el comportamiento infantil. Por este motivo, Wertham y los especialistas en salud mental son vistos como responsables de la caída que sufrió el negocio de los cómics a finales de los años cincuenta (AU)

Between 1940 and 1960 comic books were in the United States the target of an intense campaign developed by citizens who thought that they were a bad reading for their children as well as responsible for an increase in juvenile delinquency. An inflection point arrived when psychiatrist and psychologists took part in this campaign. Their leader was German-born psychiatrist Fredric Wertham, who charged comic books of damaging children’s mind due to their content full of violence, sex, horror and racism. Many other psychiatrists and psychologist participated in the discussion: some of them followed Wertham's ideas, but other thought that he was wrong as there was no scientific evidence about this damage. The involvement of mental health specialists was essential for the anti-comic book campaign, as they were quoted by newspapers, radio and television and even called as experts at the US Senate’s hearings about the relationship between comic books and infantile behavior. For this reason, Wertham and his colleagues are seen today as responsible for the fall in the sales of comic books at the end of the 1950s (AU)

Universidad. Formación en medicina legal y forense en valoración médico legal del daño. Necesidades y futuro / University. Training in legal and forensic medicine in legal medical assessment of damage. And future needs

La formación en medicina legal y forense, y de ella, en la valoración médico legal del daño a la persona, comúnmente denominada valoración del daño corporal, es compleja si la interrelacionamos con las diferentes formas de su ejercicio profesional en España, teniendo presente los requisitos legales del ejercicio de las profesiones sanitarias incardinados en la Ley 44/2003 de ordenación de profesiones sanitarias. En un intento de clarificar esta problemática nos referiremos en primer lugar a la obtención del título máster universitario en valoración médico legal de daños personales aportando una propuesta de programa docente, para proceder después a esbozar la problemática que plantea la creación y mantenimiento de dichos títulos, asociada a la problemática de su ejercicio profesional por la diversidad y dispersión de profesionales que tienen entre sus funciones la valoración de los daños personales, así como por los diversos requisitos legales para su ejercicio. La solución se encuentra en crear unos criterios comunes de formación y en la unión de los profesionales o diversos sectores encargados de su ejercicio profesional y de los que depende su docencia

Training in legal and forensic medicine, and it, in the legal medical assessment of damage to the person, commonly called assessment of bodily harm, is complex if interrelate with different forms of their professional practice in Spain, bearing in mind legal requirements for the exercise of health professions Law 44/2003 incardinated in the management of health professions. In an attempt to clarify this issue we will refer first to obtain the degree Master’s degree in forensic assessment of personal injury providing a proposal for teaching program to proceed then to outline the problems posed by the creation and maintenance of such securities, problems associated with his practice for diversity and dispersion of professionals whose functions include the assessment of injury, as well as various legal requirements for its exercise. The solution lies in creating common criteria for training and professional union or various sectors responsible for their practice and their teaching depends

Los peritajes médicos en la Valencia bajomedieval: los casos de envenenamiento / Medical expert reports in the Valencia of the late Middle Ages: cases of poisoning

En las últimas décadas del siglo XIII, en pleno proceso de configuración del nuevo Reino de Valencia y de su medicalización, se vislumbró por parte de las autoridades y de los ciudadanos el papel que podían desarrollar los médicos para esclarecer muertes violentas. Fue el problema del posible envenenamiento de un individuo la primera circunstancia que obligó a los jueces a recurrir a los médicos, pues éstos podían con su conocimiento experto contribuir a dilucidar la verdad. Por eso se les pidió incluso el uso de la disección post mortem, si era necesario. En realidad, los médicos fueron conscientes de sus limitaciones en este campo y de que debían actuar con cautela (AU)

During the last decades of the 13th century, in the midst of the shaping and medicalization of the new Kingdom of Valencia, the authorities and citizens envisaged the role that physicians could have in clarifying violent deaths. The first circumstance that compelled judges to resort to physicians was the possible poisoning of an individual, given that they could contribute to elucidating the truth with their expert knowledge. They were even requested to use post-mortem dissection if necessary for this purpose. In reality, physicians were conscious of their limitations in this field and the need for them to act with caution (AU)

Social penalty promotes cooperation in a cooperative society.

Why cooperation is well developed in human society is an unsolved question in biological and human sciences. Vast studies in game theory have revealed that in non-cooperative games selfish behavior generally dominates over cooperation and cooperation can be evolved only under very limited conditions. These studies ask the origin of cooperation; whether cooperation can evolve in a group of selfish individuals. In this paper, instead of asking the origin of cooperation, we consider the enhancement of cooperation in a small already cooperative society. We ask whether cooperative behavior is further promoted in a small cooperative society in which social penalty is devised. We analyze hawk-dove game and prisoner's dilemma introducing social penalty. We then expand it for non-cooperative games in general. The results indicate that cooperation is universally favored if penalty is further imposed. We discuss the current result in terms of the moral, laws, rules and regulations in a society, e.g., criminology and traffic violation.

La psicología criminalista en España: Presente y futuro / Criminal psychology in Spain: present and future

En el marco de la Psicología Jurídica, tal como se entiende en España, cabe distinguir las aplicaciones de los conocimientos de la ciencia psicológica según los diferentes momentos del proceso penal: en las dependencias policiales durante las investigaciones criminales, en los Juzgados cuando ya se han identificado y detenido a los autores de delitos, y en los Establecimientos Penitenciarios cuando resultan finalmente condenados. En este trabajo se argumenta que cuando la psicología ayuda a la investigación criminal en los primeros de los momentos del proceso judicial, las actuaciones policiales, estaremos hablando de Psicología Criminalista a dos niveles: operativo (el más propio) y estratégico (en el que pueden participar otros profesionales). Tras describir sus peculiaridades y ámbitos concretos, en analogía con los apoyos que también prestan otras ciencias criminalísticas, se explica que en España esta especialidad se desarrolla profesionalmente desde dentro de las propias instituciones policiales, con un perfil muy distinto al de la más tradicional Psicología Policial, y en estrecha colaboración con el entorno académico en lo que se refiere al desarrollo científico de sus técnicas y procedimientos

As part of legal psychology, as it is understood in Spain, we can distinguish between the applications of psychology in the different steps of the judicial process: in police stations during criminal investigations, in court when the perpetrators have already been identified and arrested, and in prisons where they are eventually sent after being convicted. This paper argues that when psychology assists the criminal investigation in the first step of the judicial process - the police activities-, we are talking about criminal psychology, at two levels: the operational level (mostly pertaining to criminal psychology) and the strategic level (shared with other areas of expertise). After describing its peculiarities and specific areas, in analogy with the support provided by other forensic sciences, here we explain that in Spain this specialty is professionally developed from within our own police forces, with a profile which is very different from the more traditional police psychology, and in close collaboration with the academic environment regarding the scientific development of techniques and procedures

The Spanish version of the Criminal Sentiment Scale Modified (CSS-M): factor structure, reliability, and validity / Versión española de la Criminal Sentiment Scale Modified (CSS-M): estructura factorial, fiabilidad y validez

The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Criminal Sentiment Scale Modified (CSS-M), which measures the criminal attitudes into Spanish. Despite the large body of research proving their importance as one of the best predictors of criminal conduct, only a few measures have been psychometrically developed and validated, and none of them are available in the Spanish language. A sample of 153 male inmates from Penitentiary Brians I of the Catalan Prison Service (Spain) participated voluntarily in the study (73.9% of Spanish nationality, mean age = 37.3) completed the final version of the Spanish adaptation. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted with all the scales simultaneously, showing that the underlying structure of the CSS-M was best explained by a two-factor solution: Sentiments toward the establishment and Criminality self-benefits. Moreover, a set of analyses of variance (ANOVA) was also performed, validating the scale well. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the Spanish version of the CSS-M has satisfactory psychometric properties, enabling its potential usefulness within the legal field of Spanish-speaking countries as a key element in crime prevention (AU)

El propósito de este estudio fue traducir y validar la Criminal Sentiment Scale Modified (CSS-M), que evalúa las actitudes criminales. A pesar de la cantidad de investigaciones señalando su importancia como uno de los mejores predictores de la conducta criminal, existen muy pocos instrumentos válidos y psicométricamente bien desarrollados, de los cuales ninguno está disponible en lengua española. Una muestra de 153 internos de la prisión Brians I de los Servicios Penitenciarios de Cataluña (España) participaron voluntariamente en el estudio (73.9% españoles, edad media = 37.3 años) cumplimentaron la versión final de la adaptación española. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y después un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) con todas las subescalas de forma simultánea, siendo su mejor estructura subyacente representada por dos factores: sentimientos hacia los estamentos normativos y autobeneficios criminales. Además, se realizaron varias comparaciones de medias (ANOVA) mostrando una buena validez del instrumento. Según los resultados del estudio se concluye que la versión española del CSS-M tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, potenciando su utilidad en el mundo jurídico-penal de países hispanohablantes como elemento esencial para la prevención de delitos (AU)